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June 2017 current affairs

June 2017 current affair

Books of Freedom Struggle Era

                             Books of Freedom Struggle Era

Books of Freedom Struggle Era	Author
A Gift of Monotheists	Ram Mohan Roy
A Nation in the Making	S. N. Banerjee
Anand Math	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Causes of the Indian Mutiny	Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan
Economic History of India	R. C. Dutt
Ghulam Giri	Jyotiba Phule
Glimpses of World History	Jawaharlal Nehru
Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule	Mahatma Gandhi
India of My Dreams	Mahatma Gandhi
India Wins Freedom	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Letters to Emilie Schenkl, 1934-1942	Subhash Chandra Bose
My Indian Years	Lord Hardinge II
Neel Darpan	Dinbandhu Mitra
Non-Violent Resistance	Mahatma Gandhi
Poverty and Un-British Rule in India	Dadabhai Naoroji
Pather Panchali	Bibhuti Bhushan Banerjee
Pakhtoon	Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Problems of the East	Lord Curzon
Percepts of Jesus	Ram Mohan Roy
Sitaram	Bankim Chandra Chatterjee
Satyarth Prakash	Swami Dayanand Saraswati
The Indian War of Independence	V. D. Savarkar
India Divided	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
The Golden Threshold	Sarojini Naidu
The Arctic Home in the Vedas	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
The Story of My Experiments With Truth	Mahatma Gandhi
The Discovery of India	Jawaharlal Nehru
The Spirit of Islam	Syyed Ameer Ali
To all fighters of freedom, why Socialism?	Jai Prakash Narayan
The Causes of the Indian Revolt	Syed Ahmad Khan
The Indian Struggle	S. C. Bose
Unhappy India	Lala Lajpat Rai
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables	B. R. Ambedkar
Why I am an Atheist	Bhagat Singh

List of Governor General and Viceroy of British India

List of Governor General and Viceroy of British India

Governor General / Viceroy	Period	Important Achievements/Contributions/Events
Warren Hastings	1774 - 1785	(1) First Governor General of India, (2) During his tenure Regulating Act, 1773 was introduced which brought the dual government of Bengal to an end. (3) He was impeached due to mismanagement and personal corruption but was finally acquitted.
Lord Cornwallis	1786 - 1793	(1) Introduced Permanent Settlement of Bengal (or Zamindary System). It was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land. (2) Introduced police reforms. (3) He led British forces in the Third Anglo-Mysore War to defeat the Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan.
Lord Wellesley	1798 - 1805	He introduced the policy of Subsidiary Alliance to keep the Indian rulers under control by keeping British forces in their territory. Hyderabad was the first state to accept Subsidiary Alliance.
Lord Minto I	1807 - 1813	Concluded the treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
Lord William Bentinck	1828 - 1835	(1) He was made the first Governor General of India (earlier the designation was Governor General of Bengal). (2) He carried out social reforms such as Prohibition of Sati, Indian people were again appointed as subordinate judges, made English the language of higher education, suppress the thugs.
Sir Charles Metcaffe	1835 - 1836	He abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (He was also called Liberator of the press).
Lord Auckland	1836 - 1842	First Afghan war.
Lord Dalhousie	1848 - 1856	(1) He opened the first Indian Railway from Bombay to Thane in 1853. (2) He introduced Telegraph lined from Calcutta to Agra in 1853. (3) He introduced the infamous 'Doctrine of Lapse' and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur (1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854). (4) He made Shimla the summer capital. (5) Started the Public Works Department (6) Remarriage of widows was legalised by Widow Remarriage Act, 1856.
Lord Canning	1856 - 1862	(1) He was the Governor General during the mutiny of 1857 (India's First War of Independence). After war he was made first Viceroy of India. (2) He withdrew Doctrine of Lapse. (3) In 1861, Indian Councils Act was passed. (4) Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras was established in 1857.
Lord Lawrence	1864 - 1869	(1) After second Sikh war, he became member of the Punjab Board of Administration and was responsible for numerous reforms which earned him the sobriquet "the Saviour of the Punjab". (2) High Court were constituted at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
Lord Mayo	1869 - 1872	(1) Census was held in 1871. (2) He was the only Viceroy of India who was killed in office by a convict in the Andaman Island in 1872.
Lord Lytton	1876 - 1880	In 1877, he organised the Delhi Durbar in which Queen Victoria was proclaimed with the title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind'.
Lord Rippon	1880 - 1884	(1) He repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882. (2) Age for entry in Civil Services was again raised to 21 years. (3) The first Factory Act, 1881, was passed to prohibit child labour. (4) He passed Local Self Government Act in 1882. (5) He introduced IIbert Bill in 1883. He was also known as Father of Local Self Government in India.
Lord Dufferin	1884 - 1894	Indian National Congress was formed.
Lord Lansdowne	1888 - 1894	(1) Indian Council Act was passed in 1892. (2) Durand Commission was appointed to demarcate the line between British India and Afghanistan.
Lord Curzon	1899 - 1905	(1) Partition of Bengal in 1905. (2) Swadeshi movement launched.
Lord Minto	1905 - 1910	Indian Council Act, 1909 or the Morley-Minto Reforms was passed.
Lord Hardinge	1910 - 1916	(1)King George V of England attended Delhi Durbar in 1911. (2) Capital of India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. (3) Home Rule Movement was launched by Annie Besant. (4)Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa in 1915.
Lord Chelmsford	1916 - 1921	(1) The Government of India Act, 1919 (Montague - Chelmsford reforms) was passed. (2) Rowlatt Act, 1919 was passed (3)Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. (4) Khilafat Movement. (5) Non-Cooperation movement.
Lord Reading	1921 - 1926	(1) Rowlatt Act was repealed. (2) Swaraj Party was formed. (3) Chauri Chaura incident.
Lord Irwin	1926 - 1931	(1) Simon Commission visited India in 1928. (2) Dandi March was launched. (3) Civil Disobedience Movement was launched in 1930. (4) Gandhi - Irwin Pact was signed. (5) First Round Table Conference.
Lord Willingdon	1931 - 1936	(1) Second and Third Round Table Conference in 1931. (2) Communal award started by British PM Ramsay Macdonald. (3) Poona Pact was signed.
Lord Linlithgow	1936 - 1944	(1) Government of India Act, 1935 enforced in the provinces. (2) Cripps Mission visited India in 1942. (3) Quit India movement.
Lord Wavell	1944 - 1947	(1) Cabinet Mission Plan. (2) Shimla conference between Indian National Congress and Muslim League.
Lord Mountbatten	Mar 1947 - Aug 1947	(1) Last Viceroy of British India and first Governor General of free India. (2) Partition of India. (3) Succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari, the first and the last Indian Governor General of free India.

Sikh Gurus

Important facts  on Ten Sikh Gurus - Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Gobind Singh, etc.

List of Ten Sikh Gurus

1. Guru Nanak (1469-1539) - Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi (now called Nankana Sahib) in Punjab. He founded the Sikh religion. He was the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. His birth is celebrated world-wide on Kartik Puranmashi, the full-moon day. Guru Nanak’s teachings can be found in the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Granth Sahib is a vast collection of revelatory verses recorded in Gurmukhi. Guru Nanak appointed Bhai Lehna as the successor Guru, renaming him as Guru Angad. Guru Nanak died on 22 September 1539 in Kartarpur, at the age of 70. 2. Guru Angad (1539-1552) - Guru Angad was the second of the ten Sikh Gurus. He invented the Gurumukhi script. It became the medium of writing the Punjabi language and the hymns of the Gurus were expressed in this language. 3. Guru Amar Das (1552-1574) - Guru Amar Das was the third of the ten Sikh Gurus. He strengthened the tradition of the free kitchen, Guru Ka Langar (started by Guru Nanak. He completely abolished the custom of Sati amongst the Sikhs. 4. Guru Ram Das (1574-1581) - Guru Ram Das was the fourth of the ten Sikh Gurus. Emperor Akbar donated a plot of land to Guru Ram Das on which Golden Temple was later constructed. He founded the city of Amritsar. 5. Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606) - Guru Arjun Dev was the fifth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He composed Adigranth (Guru Granth Sahib). Guru Arjun Dev was tortured to death by Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1606. 6. Guru Hargovind (1606-1645) - Guru Hargovind was the sixth of the ten Sikh Gurus. He built the Akal Takht. Guru Hargobind built a fortress at Amritsar called Lohgarh "Fortress of steel". He tr 7. Guru Har Rai (1645-1661) - Guru Har Rai was the seventh of the ten Sikh Gurus. Dara Shikoh (the eldest son of emperor Shah Jahan) came to Guru Har Rai asking for help in the war of succession launched by his half-brother Aurangzeb. 8. Guru Har Kishan (1661-1664) - Guru Har Kishan was the eight of the ten Sikh Gurus. Har Kishan was only five years old when he succeeded his father, Guru Har Rai, as Guru. Thus, he was the youngest guru in Sikh history. 9. Guru Teg Bahadur (1664-1675) - Guru Teg Bahadur was the ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb wanted to convert India into an Islamic country. In this process, Guru Teg Bahadur was tortured to force him to convert into Islam. Aurangzeb executed Guru Teg Bahadur when he refused to convert into Islam. 10. Guru Govind Singh (1675-1708) - Guru Goving Singh was the last of the ten Sikh Gurus. He was born in Patna, Bihar. He founded the Khalsa Pantha. He organised a community of warriors who were trained in Guerilla warfare.

List of Famous Ancient Indian Scholars

List of Famous Ancient Indian Scholars and their Patrons

Scholar	Patron
Amir Khusro	Balban, Alauddin Khilji and 5 other rulers
Amar Singh	Chandragupta Vikramaditya
Banabhatta	Harshavardhana
Bhavabhuti	Yashovarman of Kannauj
Bharvi	Simhavishnu (Pallava)
Bilhan	Vikramaditya VI (Chalukya of Kalyani)
Chandarbardai	Prithviraja Chauhan
Dandin	Narsinghavarman (Pallava)
Firdausi	Mahmud Ghazni
Gunadhya	Hala (Satvahana)
Hemchandra	Kumarpala (Chalukyas of Anhilwara)
Harisena	Samudragupta
Hari Hara	Krishna Deva Raya
Jinasen	Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta)
Kalidas	Vikramaditya
Lakshmidhar	Govind Chandra
Mahaviracharya	Amoghvarsha (Rashtrakuta)
Nagarjuna	Kanishka
Ravi Kirti	Pulkesin II
Rajshekhara	Mahendrapala and Mahipala
Somadeva	Prithviraja III
Shri Harsha	Jaychand
Shri Ponna	Krishna III (Rashtrakuta)
Vakpatiraj	Yashovarman of Kannauj
Vijnaneshwar	Vikramaditya VI

Important dates of Indian History

Important dates of Indian History

BC
3000-1500: Indus Valley Civilisation.
1500: Early Vedic Period (to 1000 BC). Arrival of Aryans.
606-647: Harsh Vardhana's reign.
576: Birth of Gautam Buddha.
527: Birth of Mahavir.
327-326: Alexandar's invasion of India. It opened land route between India and Europe.
313: Accession of Chandragupta Maurya.
305: Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus.
273-232: Ashoka's reign.
261: Conquest of Kalinga.
58: Beginning of Vikram Era

AD
78: Begining of Saka Era.
78-101: Kanishka’s reign.
120: Accession of Kanishka.
320: Commencement of Gupta era. The golden age of Hindu India.
380: Accession of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).
405-411: Visit of Chinese traveller Fa-hien.
415: Accession of Kumara Gupta-I.
455: Accession of Skanda Gupta.
606-647: Harshavardhan’s reign.
712: First invasion in Sind by Arabs (Mohammed Bin Qasim).
836: Accession of King Bhoja of Kannauj.
985: Accession of Rajaraja, the Chola ruler.
998: Accession of Sultan Mahmud.
1001: First invasion of India by Mahmud Ghazni.
1025: Destruction of Somnath Temple by Mahmud Ghazni.
1191: First Battle of Terrain. Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Mohd. Ghori.
1192: Second Battle of Terrain. Mohd. Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan.
1206: Accession of Qutab-ud-din Aibak to the throne of Delhi.
1210: Death of Qutub-ud-din Aibak.
1221: Changez Khan invaded India (Mongol invasion).
1236: Accession of Razia Sultan to the throne of Delhi.
1240: Death of Razia Sultan.
1296: Accession of Ala–ud-din Khilji.
1316: Death of Ala-ud-din Khilji.
1325: Accession of Muhammad-bin Tughlaq.
1327: Shifting of Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad to Deccan by the Tughlaqs.
1336: Foundation of Vijayanagar empire in the South.
1351: Accession of Feroze Shah
1398: Invasion of India by Taimur Lang.
1469: Birth of Gurunanak.
1494: Accession of Babar in Farghana.
1497-98: First voyage of Vasco da Gama to India( discovery of sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope.
1526: First Battle of Panipat, Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodhi; Foundation of Mughal rule by Babar.
1527: Battle of Khanwa. Babar defeated Rana Sanga.
1530: Death of Babar and accession of Humayun.
1539: Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayan and became India’s emperor.
1540: Battle of Kannauj.
1555: Humayan recaptured the throne of Delhi.
1556: Second Battle of Panipat.
1565: Battle of Talikota.
1576: Battle of Haldighati; Rana Pratap defeated by Akbar.
1582: Din-e-Illahi founded by Akbar.
1597: Death of Rana Pratap.
1600: East India Company established.
1605: Death of Akbar and accession of Jehangir.
1606: Execution of Guru Arjun Dev.
1611: Jehangir marries Nur jahan.
1616: Sir Thomas Roe visits Jehangir.
1627: Birth of Shivaji and death of Jehangir.
1628: Shahjahan becomes emperor of India.
1631: Death of Mumtaj Mahal.
1634: The British permitted to trade in India in Bengal.
1659: Accession of Aurangzeb, Shahjahan imprisoned.
1665: Shivaji imprisoned by Aurangzeb.
1666: Death of Shahjahan.
1675: Execution of Teg Bahadur,the ninth Guru of Sikhs.
1680: Death of Shivaji.
1707: Death of Aurangzeb.
1708: Death of Guru Gobind Singh.
1739: Nadir Shah invades India.
1757: Battle of Plassey, establishment of British political rule in India at the hands of Lord Clive.
1761: Third Battle of Panipat; Shah Alam II becomes India’s emperor.
1764: Battle of Buxar.
1765: Clive appointed Company’s Governor in India.
1767-69: First Mysore war.
1770: The great Bangal Famine.
1773: Regulating Act.
1780: Birth of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
1780-84: Second Anglo-Mysore War.
1784: Pitt’s India Act.
1790-92: Third Anglo-Mysore War.
1793: The Permanent Settlement of Bengal.
1799: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Death of Tipu Sultan.
1802: Treaty of Bassein.
1809: Treaty of Amritsar.
1829: Practice of Sati Prohibited.
1830: Raja-Ram Mohun Roy, founder of Brahmo Samaj, visits England.
1833: Death of Raja Ram Mohun Roy. Macaulay recommended English to be the medium of instruction in India.
1839: Death of Maharaj Ranjit Singh.
1839-42: First Afghan War.
1845-46: First Anglo-Sikh War.
1852: Second Anglo-Burmese War.
1853: First Railway line opened between Bombay and Thane and a Telegraph line in Calcutta.
1857: The sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras Universities founded.
1861: Birth of Rabindranath Tagore.
1869: Birth of Mahatma Gandhi.
1885: Foundation of Indian National Congress.
1889: Birth of Jawaharlal Nehru.
1897: Birth of Subhash Chandra Bose.
1904: Tibet Expedition.
1905: First partition of Bengal under Lord Curzon.
1906: Foundation of Muslim League.
1911: Delhi Darbar;King and Queen visit India; Partition of Bengal revoked. Delhi becomes the capital of India.
1916: World War-I begins.
1916: Lucknow Pact signed by Muslim League and Congress.
1918: End of World War-I.
1919: Montague-Chelms for Reforms introduced. Jallianwala Bagh massacre at Amritsar.
1920: Khilafar Movement launched. Non-co-operation Movement started by Mahatma Gandhi.
1927: Boycott of Simon Commission. Broadcasting started in India.
1928: Death of lal Lajpat Rai ( Sher-e-Punjab). Visit of Simon Commission boycotted. First round Table Conferece in London.
1929: Lord Irwin’s Pact, resolution of complete independence passed at Lahore Congress.
1930: Civil Disobedience Movement launched; Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi(April 6, 1970 ).
1931: Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
1935: Government of India Act enacted.
1937: Provincial Autonomy, Congress forms ministers.
1939: World War II begins (September 1).
1941: Death of Rabindranath Tagore; Escape of Subhash Chandra Bose from India.
1942: Arrival of Cripps Mission in India; ‘Quit India’ movement launched (Aug 8).
1943-44: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose forms provincial Azad Hindu Hukumat and Indian National Army. Bengal famine.
1945: Trial of Indian National Army at Red Fort. Shimla Conference. World War II ends.
1946: British Cabinet Mission visits India. Interim Government formed at the Centre.
1947: Division of India. India and Pakistan form separate independent dominions.
1948: Mahatma Gandhi assassinated (Jan 30). Integration of princely states.
1949: Cease-fire in Kashmir. Indian Constitution signed and adopted(Nov 26).
1950: India becomes a Sovereign Democratic Republic (Jan 26)and Constitution of India comes into force.
1951: First Five-year Plan. First Asian Games held in Delhi.
1952: First General Elections of the Lok Sabha.
1953: Conquest of Mt.Everest by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary.
1956: Second Five-Year Plan launched. States Reorganisation Act.
1957: Second General Elections. Decimal coinage introduced.
1961: Liberation of Goa.
1962: Third General Elections in India; Chinese attack on India (Dec 20 ).
1963: Nagaland becomes the 16th Indian State.
1964: Death of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
1965: Indo-Pak war.
1966: Tashkent Pact. Death of Lal Bahadur Shastri. Mrs. Indira Gandhi elected Prime Minister of India.
1967: Fourth General Elections. Dr Zakir Hussain elected the third president of India.
1969: V.V.Giri elected President of India. Nationalisation of the leading banks by Presidential ordinance.
1970: Meghalaya designated as autonomous state.
1971: Himachal Pradesh becomes a State. Indo-Pak War. Bangladesh is born.
1972: Shimla agreement; Death of C.Rajagopalachari. Reorganisation of the North-Eastern region. Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura became full fledged states.
1973: Mysore State renamed Karnataka.
1974: India explodes a nuclear device. Fakhuruddin Ali Ahmed elected as fifth President. Sikkim becomes an associate State of India.
1975: India launches its first satellite ‘Aryabhata’. Sikkim becomes 22nd State of the Indian Union. State of Emergency is declared.
1976: India and China establish diplomatic relations.
1977: Sixth General Elections. Janata Party gets majority in Lok Sabha. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy elected sixth President of India.
1979: Morarji Desai resigns as Prime Minister, Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister. Charan Singh resigns ( Aug 20 ) Sixth Lok Sabha dissolved.
1980: Seventh General Elections. Congress comes to power. Mrs Indira Gandhi sworn in as Prime Minister. Sanjay Gandhi dies in an air crash. India Launches SLV-3 into space carrying Rohini Satellite.
1982: Longest bridge in Asia opened ( March 2 ). Acharya J.B. Kripalani dies ( March 19). INSAT-1A launched. Giani Zail Singh elected President of India (July 15). Over 500 persons killed in Gujarat Cyclone ( Nov.5). Acharya Vinobha Bhave dies (Nov 15). Ninth Asian Games inaugurated (Nov 19).
1984: Operation Blue Star in Punjab. Rakesh Sharma goes into space. Mrs. Indira Gandhi assassinated; Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM.
1986: Mizoram accord.
1987: R.Venkataraman elected President. Shankar Dayal Sharma elected Vice-President of India. Bofors gun and Fairfax controversies.
1989: India’s first IRBM ‘Agni’ successfully launched from Orissa (May 22). Second successful launch of Prithvi (Sept 27). Congress Government loses poll, Rajiv Gandhi resigns (Nov.29). Jawahar Rozgar Yojna launched (Nov.29). National front leader V.P. Singh sworn in as seventh PM. New cabinet sworn in (Dec 2). Ninth Lok Sabha constituted.
1990: Indian Airlines A-320 Airbus Crashed (Feb 14). Janata Dal splits. BJP withdraws support to the Government. Advani takes out Rath Yatra and was arrested. Mandal Report implemented. Violence in Ayodhya due to Ram Janam Bhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute.
1991: Gulf War breaks out. Rajiv Gandhi assassinated (May 21). X Lok Sabha constituted (June 20). P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister.
1992: Bharat Ratna and Oscar winner Satyajit Ray dies (April 23). Shankar Dayal Sharma elected President. INS Shakti- India's first indigeneously built submarine launched on February 7.
1994: Government monopoly over civil aviation ends. Storm over GATT treaty. Sushmita Sen became Miss Universe. Aishwarya Rai became Miss World.
1995: Mayawati became First Dalit Chief Minister of UP. Indian National Congress (T) formed; President’s Rule in UP after fall of Mayawati. INSAT 2C and IRSI-C launched.
1996: PSLV D3 launched on March 21 with IRSP-3 ushering new era in India space programme; Eleventh Lok Sabha Elections held on April 127. BJP emerges as the single largest party.
1997: On August 15, India celebrated its 50th year of Independence.
1998: Death of Mother Teressa. Atal Behari Vajpayee becomes Indian Prime Minister. India explodes its second nuclear device (Pokhran II).
1999: India Airlines plane IC-814 hijacked by terrorists and taken to Kandahar, Afghanistan, on Dec 24, 1999. Three militants released by Indian govt. for the freedom of hostages kept as passengers. In June 1999, Flt. Lt. K. Nachiketa, the captured Indian pilot, released by Pakistan after eight days of captivity. ‘Operation Vijay’ launched by Indian Army to flush out Pakistani infiltrators inside LoC in the Kargil sector of J&K. India wins battle.
2000: US President Bill Clinton visits India during March 2000. Three new states Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal and Jharkhand created. India’s population crossed one billion mark.
2001: ‘Agra Summit’ between India and Pakistan in July 2001. Gujarat Earthquake in Jan 2001. ‘Tehelka.Com’ screened video tapes which opened the murky world of arms deal and its kickbacks to Indian Army officials, ministers and politicians in March 2001. 7th census of India (since Independence) concluded in March 2001. Enron bids farewall to Indian energy sector in August 2001. GSLV launched successfully in April 2001 and PSLC-C3 launch conducted in October 2001.
2002: 71-year old missile scientist, Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, elected President of India. One of the most horrific communal riots in recent history, the Godhra Incident, happens on Feb 27, 2002 in Gujarat. National Water Policy announced in April, which aims at integrating water resources development and management for optimal and sustainable utilization.
2003: Advanced multi purpose satellite, INSAT-3A is successfully launched into space from Kourou of French Guyana. CBI forms an Economic Intelligence Wing to tackle white-collar crime in June. India’s advanced communication satellite INSAT-3E is launched by an European rocket from the spaceport of Kourou of French Guyana in December.
2004: NDA government ousted by the Congress and its allies in the General Election. Congress President Ms Sonia Gandhi opts against becoming Prime Minister of India despite being in a strong position. Congress and its allies forms government at the centre under the Prime Ministership of Dr. Manmohan Singh.

List of Famous Social Reformers of India / World

List of Famous Social Reformers of India / World

Social Reformer	Important Contributions
Raja Ram Mohan Roy	Founder of Brahmo Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian religious, social, and educational reformer, and humanitarian. He challenged the traditional Hindu culture in the early 1800's. He founded the Brahmo Samaj and campaign against 'Sati', the Hindu funeral practice in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's funeral pyre. He was known as "Father of Modern India" and also regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance".
Swami Dayanand Saraswati	Founder of Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati was an important Hindu spiritual leader and social reformer of the 19th century. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He published a number of religious books such as Satyartha Prakash, Bhasya-Bhoomika and Sanskar Vidhi.
Swami Vivekanand	Founder of Rama Krishna Mission His real name was Narendranath Datta. He was the disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the introduction of the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world. Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio	Founder of Young Bengal Movement He was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He was one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.
Gopal Hari Deshmukh	Started monthly magazine Lokhitwadi He was a social reformer from Maharashtra, India. He promoted emancipation and education of women, and wrote against child marriages, dowry system and polygamy.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale	Founder of Servants of India Society He was one of the founding social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. He was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress. He not only promoted primarily independence from the British Empire but also social reforms.
K M Munshi	Founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, an educational trust, in 1938 He was an Indian independence movement activist, politician, writer from Gujarat. He was a lawyer by profession but later he turned to literature and politics. He served as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh from 1952 to 1957.
Acharya Vinobha Bhave	Founder of Sarvodya Movement, Bhoodan Movement He was a supporter of non-violence and human rights. He was awarded Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership in 1958.
Sunderlal Bahugana	Started Chipko Movement He was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of Non-violence and Satyagraha and a social reformer. He starter Chipko movement for the preservation of forests in the Himalayas. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honour, Padma Vibhushan, in 2009.
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan	Founder of Servants of God or Khudai Khidmatgar He was a political, spiritual and social leader known for his non-violent opposition to the British Rule. He was also known as Frontier Gandhi. In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.
Dadabhai Naoroji	Founder of Gyan Prasarak Mandali He was an Indian political and social leader. He was also known as the Grand Old Man of India. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons, United Kingdom between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British MP. His book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain.
Madam H P Blavatsky	Founder of Theosophical Society She was an Ukrainian occultist. In 1875, Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, and William Quan Judge established a research and publishing institute called the Theosophical Society.
Mother Teresa	Founder of Missionaries of Charity She was a Roman Catholic Religious Sister, social reformer and missionary of Albanian origin who lived for most of her life in India serving the poorest of the poor. For her social service she was awarded Nobel Peace Prize in the year 1979.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant	Founder of Home Rule Movements The All India Home Rule League was a national political organization founded in 1916 to lead the national demand for self-government, termed Home Rule, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at that time. In 1916, Annie Besant launched the All India Home Rule League along with Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Medha Patkar	Started Narmada Bachao Movement She is an Indian social activist and social reformer turned politician. She is the founder member of Narmada Bachao Andolan and was National Convener of National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM), an alliance of progressive people's organisations.
Atmaram Pandurang	Founder of Prarthana Samaj Prarthana Samaj critically examined the relations between contemporary social and cultural systems and religious beliefs and gave priority to social reform as compared with the political changes already initiated by the British government.
Jyotiba Phule	Founder of Satya Sodhak Samaj He was an Indian activist, thinker, social reformer, writer and theologist from Maharashtra. He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj with the main objective of liberating the Bahujans, Shudras and Ati-Shudras and protecting them from exploitation and atrocities.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan	Started Aligarh Movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was an Anglo-Indian, Muslim philosopher, pragmatist and social activist of 19th century India. He founded the famous Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in 1875.
J H Dunant	Founder of Red Cross In 1901, Dunant was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the International Red Cross Movement and initiating the Geneva Convention.
Robert Baden Powell	Founder of Scouts He was a lieutenant-general in the British Army. He was a writer and founder of the Scout Movement.
Lady Agnes Baden Powell	Founder of Guides She was the wife of Robert Baden Powell. She became Chief Guide for Britain in 1918 and was elected World Chief Guide in 1930.
Peter Benenson	Founder of Amnesty International He was a British lawyer and the founder of human rights group Amnesty International.
Melvin Jones	Founder of Lions Club He was a Chicago businessman. He founded the Lions Clubs International in the year 1917 to take an active interest in the civic, cultural, social and moral welfare of the community.
Alfred Nobel	Founder of Nobel Prize He was a Swedish chemist, engineer and innovator. He was the inventor of dynamite. His fortune was used posthumously to institute the Nobel Prizes and was awarded every year to persons making significant achievement in different fields such as Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The Peace Prize is awarded in Oslo (Norway), while the other prizes are awarded in Stockholm (Sweden).

Important Battles in Indian History

Important Battles in Indian History

Battles in Indian History	Details
Battle of Hydaspeas - 326 B.C.	Alexander defeated Porus.
Kalinga War - 261 B.C.	Ashoka defeated Kalinga.
First Battle of Tarain - 1191 A.D.	Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori.
Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 A.D.	Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan.
Battle of Chandawar - 1193 or 1194	Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaichandra Gaharwar.
First Battle of Panipat - 1526 A.D.	Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi.
Battle of Khanwa - 1527 A.D.	Babar defeated Rana Sanga.
Battle of Ghaghra - 1529 A.D.	Babar defeated Mahmud Lodhi and Sultan Nusrat Shah.
Battle of Chausa - 1539 A.D.	Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun.
Battle of Kannauj (or Bilgram) - 1540 A.D.	Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun.
Second Battle of Panipat - 1556 A.D.	Bairam Khan (representing Mughal Emperor Akbar) defeated Hemu.
Battle of Talikota - 1565 A.D.	Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar formed alliance and defeated the Vijaynagar empire.
Battle of Haldighati - 1576 A.D.	Akbar's forces headed by Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan defeated Rana Pratap. Rana Pratap refused to surrender to the Mughal Power.
Battle of Karnal - 1739 A.D.	Nadir Shah defeated Mohd. Shah.
Battle of Plassey - 1757 A.D.	Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula.
Battle of Wandiwash - 1760 A.D.	The English forces defeated the French forces.
Third Battle of Panipat - 1761 A.D.	Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas.
Battle of Buxar - 1764 A.D.	The English forces defeated the alliance of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.
First Anglo Mysore War - (1767-69 A.D.)	Hyder Ali defeated the English forces.
Second Anglo Mysore War - (1780-84 A.D.)	Hyder Ali died in the battle (1782) and subsequently led by his son Tipu Sultan. The war concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784).
Third Anglo Mysore War - (1789-92 A.D.)	The English forces defeated Tipu Sultan. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed.
Fourth Anglo Mysore War - 1799 A.D.	Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed by the English forces.

Important Foreign Travellers in Ancient India

Important Foreign Travellers in Ancient India

Name of the Traveller	Details
Abdur Razzaq	1. He was a Persian traveller. 2. He was the ambassador of Shah Rukh (the Timurid dynasty ruler of Persia) to Calicut, India. 3. His book entitled 'Matla-us-Sadain wa Majma-ul-Bahrain' described the life and events in Calicut under the Zamorin and also of the Ancient City of Vijayanagara at Hampi.
Al-beruni	1. He was a Persian scholar. 2. He came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni. 3. He wrote the book 'Tahqiq-i-Hind'.
Francois Bernier	1. He was a French physician and traveller. 2. He was the personal physician of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for around 12 years during his stay in India. 3. He wrote 'Travels in the Mughal Empire', which is mainly about the reigns of Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb.
Fa-Hien	1. He was a Chinese Buddhist Monk. 2. He came during the reign of Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya). 3. He visited Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha to collect Buddhist texts and relics.
Hiuen-Tsang	1. He was a Chinese Traveller. 2. He came during the reign of Harsha Vardhana. 3. He wrote the book 'Si Yu Ki'- Buddhist Records of the Western World, which was later translated by Samuel Beal.
Ibn Batuta	1. He was a traveller from Morocco. 2. He visited India during the reign of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq. 3. He wrote his travelogue 'Rihla' throwing light on geographical, economic and social conditions of that time.
Marco Polo	1. He was a European traveller. 2. He visited South India in 1294 A.D. 3. He wrote the book 'The Book of Sir Marco Polo' which gives an account of the economic history of India.
Megasthenes	1. He was an ambassador of Selecus Nikator, who visited the court of Chandragupta Maurya. 2. He wrote the book 'Indica' which contains detail account of Chandragupta Maurya’s reign.
Nicolo Conti	1. He was a traveller from Italy. 2. He visited India during the reign of Deva Raya I of Vijaynagar Kingdom. 3. His work gives a comprehensive account of the Hindu kingdom of Vijaynagar.
Sir Thomas Roe	1. He was an ambassador of James I, King of England, at the court of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1615). 2. His work 'Journal of the mission to the Mogul Empire' is a valuable contribution to the history of India in the early 17th century.
William Hawkins	He was an ambassador of James I, King of England, at the court of Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1609).

Ancient Indian Books and Authors:

Ancient Indian Books and Authors

Name of Ancient Books	Authors
Akbar-Namah	Abul Fazal
Amuktamalayada	Krishna Deva Raya
Arthashastra	Kautilya
Buddha Charitam	Ashwaghosa
Babar Namah (Tuzk-e-Babari)	Babar
Geet Govinda	Jaya Deva
Harsha Charita	Banabhatta
Humayun Namah	Gulbadan Begum
Kumar Sambhava	Kalidasa
Kamasutra	Vatsyayna
Mudra Rakshasa	Vishaka Dutta
Mrichakatikam	Shudraka
Meghdoot	Kalidasa
Malavikagnimitra	Kalidasa
Nagananda	Harshavardhana
Padmavat	Malik Mohd Jayasi
Panchatantra	Vishnu Sharma
Prithviraj Raso	Chand Bardai
Priyadarsika	Harshavardhana
Rajtarangini	Kalhana
Raghuvansha	Kalidasa
Ratnavali	Harshavardhana
Shah Namah	Firdausi
Tuzk-e-Jahangir	Jahangir

Important Treaties in the History of India

Important Treaties in the History of India

Treaty of Purandar (1665)
The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 between the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I, who was commander of the Mughal Empire, and Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. When Shivaji realised that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause damage to the empire and that his men would suffer heavy losses, he choose to make a treaty.
Treaty of Alinagar (1757)
The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in 1757 between Robert Clive of the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daula. As per the terms of the treaty all British goods that passed through Bengal would be exempt from duties.
Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Lord Robert Clive, of the East India Company, as a outcome of the Battle of Buxar of 1764. As per the terms of the agreement, Alam granted the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. This Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India.
Treaty of Purandar (1776)
The Treaty of Purandar was a doctrine signed in 1776 by the Peshwa of the Maratha people and the government of the British East India Company in Calcutta. Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secure Salsette.
Treaty of Wadgaon (1779)
In the First Anglo Maratha War in 1779, Mahadhji Shinde joined the Maratha forces and defeated the British. As a result the British signed the treaty of Wadgaon as per terms of the Marathas. The Treaty stipulated that the British will surrender all the territories acquired by them since 1773 and will pay Rs 41,000 as indemnity. But this treaty was held invalid by Warren Hastings and a new treaty called Treaty of Salbai was signed between the British and the Marathas.
Treaty of Salbai (1782)
The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782 between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company to settle the First Anglo- Maratha War. Under its terms, the Company retained control of Salsette and Broach.
Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed between Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire, and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. It ended the third Anglo-Mysore War.
Treaty of Lahore (1846)
The Treaty of Lahore was signed between Governor-General Sir Henry Hardinge on behalf of British and members of the Lahore Durbar acting on behalf of seven-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh Bahadur. This treaty marked the end of First Anglo-Sikh War.
Treaty of Amritsar (1846)
The Treaty of Amritsar was signed in 1846 which formalised the arrangements in the Treaty of Lahore between the British East India Company and Maharaja Gulab Singh Dogra after the First Anglo-Sikh War. As per this treaty the British sold large part of Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh. This treaty marked the beginning of Dogra rule in the state of Jammu and Kashmir which ruled till 1947.

Important Newspapers and Journals of Freedom Struggle

Important Newspapers and Journals of Freedom Struggle Era

Newspaper/Journal	Founder/Editor
Al-Hilal:	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Al-Balagh:	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
Amrita Bazar Patrika:	Sisir Ghosh and Moti Lal Ghosh
Bombay Chronicle :	Firoze Shah Mehta
Bengal Gazette (India's first newspaper):	J. K. Hikki
Comrade:	Maulana Mohammad Ali
Commonweal:	Annie Besant
Essays in Indian Economics:	M. G. Ranade
Hindustan Times:	Kavalam Madhava Panikkar
Harijan:	Mahatma Gandhi
Hindustan (Hindi):	Madan Mohan Malviya
Indian Union (English):	Madan Mohan Malviya
Independent:	Motilal Nehru
Kesari:	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Mooknayak:	Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
Maharatta:	Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Mirat-ul-Akbar:	Ram Mohan Roy
New India (Weekly):	Bipin Chandra Pal
New India (Daily):	Annie Besant
Navjeevan:	Mahatma Gandhi
Prabuddha Bharata:	Swami Vivekananda
Rast Goftar (The Truth Teller):	Dadabhai Naoroji
Sudharak:	Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Statesman:	Robert Knight
Som Prakash:	Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Sambad Kaumudi:	Ram Mohan Roy
Tahzib ul Akhlaq:	Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Udbodhan:	Swami Vivekananda
Yugantar:	Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt
Young India:	Mahatma Gandhi

Indian National Congress

Important facts and objective questions on Indian National Congress, list of its Presidents and Congress Sessions:

Indian National Congress:

Indian National Congress was founded by British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume in 1885 to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians with the British Raj. Its founding members wanted a larger role in the making of British policy for India. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates. The Congress was transformed into a mass movement by Surendranath Banerjea and Sir Henry Cotton during the partition of Bengal in 1905 and the resultant Swadeshi movement. In the first two decades (1885-1905) Indian National Congress was quite moderate in its approach and confided in British justice and generosity. But repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremist within the Congress. By 1907 the party was split into two-halves—the Garam dal of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, or Extremists,and the Naram Dal of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, or Moderates—distinguished by their attitude towards the British colonists. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915 and with the help of the moderate group led by Ghokhale formed an alliance with the Khilafat Movement. With the already existing nationalistic feeling combined with Gandhi's popularity, the Congress became a forceful and dominant group of people in the country, bringing together millions of people by specifically working against caste differences, untouchability, poverty, and religious and ethnic boundaries. The 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru holds special significance as in this session "Poorna Swaraj" (complete independence) was declared as the goal of the Indian National Congress. 26 January 1930 was declared as "Poorna Swaraj Diwas", Independence Day. To commemorate this date the Constitution of India was formally adopted on 26 January 1950.

Indian National Congress - Important Points

Indian National Congress was founded in the year -	1885
Indian National Congress was founded by -	Allan Octavian Hume
First session of Indian National Congress was held at -	Mumbai (1885)
Who was the Viceroy of British India when the Indian National Congress was founded -	Lord Dufferin
During the early phase of its existence, i.e., 1885-1905 Indian National Congress never made this demand -	Independence from British rule
First woman president of Indian National Congress -	Mrs Annie Besant (1917)
First Indian woman president of Indian National Congress -	Mrs Sarojini Naidu (1925)
Woman Presidents of Indian National Congress -	Mrs Annie Besant (1917), Mrs Sarojini Naidu (1925) and Mrs. Nellie Sengupta (1933)
First split of Indian National Congress -	1907 at Surat session
First Englishmen to become president of Indian National Congress -	George Yule (1888)
Youngest president of Indian National Congress -	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
First Muslim to become president of Indian National Congress -	Badrudin Tayabji (Madras, 1887)
National Song, Vande Mataram was first sung in the session of -	Calcutta (1896)
First joint session of Indian National Congress and Muslim League -	Lucknow (1916)
Session of Indian National Congress where wearing of Khadi was made compulsory for its workers-	Mrs Annie Besant (1917)
National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana was first sung in the session of -	Calcutta (1911)
The only session of Indian National Congress presided over by Mahatma Gandhi -	Belgaum (1924)
Session of Indian National Congress where demand for complete independence was made -	1929 at Lahore
President of Indian National Congress at the time of independence -	Acharya J B Kriplani (1946)

List of Presidents of Indian National Congress and its sessions

Year	Place	Name of President
1885	Bombay	Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee
1886	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji
1887	Madras	Badruddin Tayyabji
1888	Allahabad	George Yule
1889	Bombay	Sir William Wedderburn
1890	Calcutta	Sir Phirozshah Mehta
1891	Nagpur	P. Anand Charlu
1892	Allahabad	W. C. Bonerjee
1893	Lahore	Dadabhai Naoroji
1894	Madras	Alfred Webb
1895	Poona	S. N. Banerjee
1896	Calcutta	Rahimtulla M Sayani
1897	Amravati	Sir C. Sankaran Nair
1898	Madras	A. M. Bose
1899	Lucknow	R. C. Dutt
1900	Lahore	N. G. Chandavarkar
1901	Calcutta	D. E. Wacha
1902	Ahmedabad	S. N. Banerjee
1903	Madras	L. M. Ghosh
1904	Bombay	Sir Henry Cotton
1905	Banaras	Gopal Krishna Gokhala
1906	Calcutta	Dadabhai Naoroji
1907	Surat	Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh
1908	Madras	Dr. Rash Behari Ghosh
1909	Lahore	Madan Mohan Malaviya
1910	Allahabad	Sir William Wedderbum
1911	Calcutta	Bishan Narayan Dhar
1912	Patna	Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar
1913	Karachi	Nawab Syed Mohammad Bahadur
1914	Madras	Bhupendra Nath Bose
1915	Bombay	Lord Satyendra Prasanna Sinha
1916	Lucknow	Ambica Charan Mazumdar
1917	Calcutta	Mrs. Annie Besant
1918	-----------	Sayed Hassan Imam (Special Session)
1918	Delhi	Madan Mohan Malaviya (Annual Session )
1919	Amritsar	Pandit Motilal Nehru
1920	Nagpur	Lala Lajpat Rai (Suspended)
1920	Nagpur	C. Vijayaraghavachariar (Annual Session )
1921	Allahabad	Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das (In Prison), Hakim Ajmal Khan (Acting)
1922	Gaya	Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das
1923	-----------	Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (suspended)
1923	Kakinada	Maulana Mohammad Ali Jouhar (Annual Session)
1924	Belgaum	Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
1925	Kanpur	Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
1926	Gauhati	S. Srinivasa lyengar
1927	Madras	Dr. Mohammad Ali Ansari
1928	Calcutta	Motilal Nehru
1929	Lahore	Jawaharlal Nehru
1930	-----------	No session due to Civil Disobedience Movement
1931	-----------	Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1932	-----------	Ranchod Lal Amrit Lal
1933	Calcutta	Mrs. Nellie Sengupta
1934	Bombay	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
1935	Lucknow	Rajendra Prasad
1936	-----------	Jawaharlal Nehru
1937	Faizpur	Jawaharlal Nehru
1938	Haripura	Shubhsh Chandra Bose
1939	Tripura	Shubhsh Chandra Bose (resigned). Later Rajendra Prasad was appointed.
1940-1946	-----------	Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
1946(July-Sep.)	-----------	Jawaharlal Nehru
1946-1947	Meerut	J. B. Kripalani
1948	Jaipur	Pattabhi Sitaramaiah
1950	Nasik	Purushotam Das Tandon
1951	Delhi	Jawaharlal Nehru
1953	Hyderabad	Jawaharlal Nehru
1954	Kalyan	Jawaharlal Nehru
1955	Avadi	U.N. Dhebar
1956	Amritsar	U.N. Dhebar
1957	Indone	U.N. Dhebar
1958	Pragyotishpur	U.N. Dhebar
1959	Nagpur	U.N. Dhebar
1960	Bangalore	Indira Ghandi
1961	Bhavnagar	N.Sanjiva Reddy
1962	New Delhi	D.Sanjivayya
1964	Bhubaneshwar	K .Kamaraj
1965	Durgapur	K .Kamaraj
1966	Jaipur	K .Kamaraj
1968	Bangalore	S.Nijalingappa
1969	New Delhi	C.Subramaniam
1970	New Delhi	Jagjivayya
1971	Ahmedabad	D.Sanjivayya
1972	Calcutta	Shankar Dayal Sharma
1975	Chandigarh	D.K. Barooah
1976	New Delhi	Brahmananda Reddy
1978	New Delhi	Indira Ghandi
1983	Calcutta	Indira Ghandi
1984	New Delhi	Rajiv Gandhi
1985	Bombay	Rajiv Gandhi
1991	New Delhi	P.V. Narasimha Rao
1996	New Delhi	Sitaram kesri
1998	New Delhi	Sonia Gandhi